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Raster reprojection and mosaicing

Source: R/gdal_util.R
warp.Rd

warp() is a wrapper of the gdalwarp command-line utility for raster reprojection and warping (see https://gdal.org/programs/gdalwarp.html). The function can reproject to any supported spatial reference system (SRS). It can also be used to crop, mosaic, resample, and optionally write output to a different raster format. See Details for a list of commonly used processing options that can be passed as arguments to warp().

Usage

warp(src_files, dst_filename, t_srs, cl_arg = NULL, quiet = FALSE)

Arguments

src_files

Either a character vector of source filenames(s) to be reprojected, or a GDALRaster object or list of GDALRaster objects for the source data.

dst_filename

Either a character string giving the filename of the output dataset, or an object of class GDALRaster for the output.

t_srs

Character string. Target spatial reference system. Usually an EPSG code ("EPSG:#####") or a well known text (WKT) SRS definition. Can be set to empty string "" and the spatial reference of src_files[1] will be used unless the destination raster already exists (see Note).

cl_arg

Optional character vector of command-line arguments to gdalwarp in addition to -t_srs (see Details).

quiet

Logical scalar. If TRUE, a progress bar will not be displayed. Defaults to FALSE.

Value

Logical indicating success (invisible TRUE). An error is raised if the operation fails.

Details

Several processing options can be performed in one call to warp() by passing the necessary command-line arguments. The following list describes several commonly used arguments. Note that gdalwarp supports a large number of arguments that enable a variety of different processing options. Users are encouraged to review the original source documentation provided by the GDAL project at the URL above for the full list.

  • -te <xmin> <ymin> <xmax> <ymax>
    Georeferenced extents of output file to be created (in target SRS by default).

  • -te_srs <srs_def>
    SRS in which to interpret the coordinates given with -te (if different than t_srs).

  • -tr <xres> <yres>
    Output pixel resolution (in target georeferenced units).

  • -tap
    (target aligned pixels) align the coordinates of the extent of the output file to the values of the -tr, such that the aligned extent includes the minimum extent. Alignment means that xmin / resx, ymin / resy, xmax / resx and ymax / resy are integer values.

  • -ovr <level>|AUTO|AUTO-<n>|NONE
    Specify which overview level of source files must be used. The default choice, AUTO, will select the overview level whose resolution is the closest to the target resolution. Specify an integer value (0-based, i.e., 0=1st overview level) to select a particular level. Specify AUTO-n where n is an integer greater or equal to 1, to select an overview level below the AUTO one. Or specify NONE to force the base resolution to be used (can be useful if overviews have been generated with a low quality resampling method, and the warping is done using a higher quality resampling method).

  • -wo <NAME>=<VALUE>
    Set a warp option as described in the GDAL documentation for GDALWarpOptions Multiple -wo may be given. See also -multi below.

  • -ot <type>
    Force the output raster bands to have a specific data type supported by the format, which may be one of the following: Byte, Int8, UInt16, Int16, UInt32, Int32, UInt64, Int64, Float32, Float64, CInt16, CInt32, CFloat32 or CFloat64.

  • -r <resampling_method>
    Resampling method to use. Available methods are: near (nearest neighbour, the default), bilinear, cubic, cubicspline, lanczos, average, rms (root mean square, GDAL >= 3.3), mode, max, min, med, q1 (first quartile), q3 (third quartile), sum (GDAL >= 3.1).

  • -srcnodata "<value>[ <value>]..."
    Set nodata masking values for input bands (different values can be supplied for each band). If more than one value is supplied all values should be quoted to keep them together as a single operating system argument. Masked values will not be used in interpolation. Use a value of None to ignore intrinsic nodata settings on the source dataset. If -srcnodata is not explicitly set, but the source dataset has nodata values, they will be taken into account by default.

  • -dstnodata "<value>[ <value>]..."
    Set nodata values for output bands (different values can be supplied for each band). If more than one value is supplied all values should be quoted to keep them together as a single operating system argument. New files will be initialized to this value and if possible the nodata value will be recorded in the output file. Use a value of "None" to ensure that nodata is not defined. If this argument is not used then nodata values will be copied from the source dataset.

  • -srcband <n>
    (GDAL >= 3.7) Specify an input band number to warp (between 1 and the number of bands of the source dataset). This option is used to warp a subset of the input bands. All input bands are used when it is not specified. This option may be repeated multiple times to select several input bands. The order in which bands are specified will be the order in which they appear in the output dataset (unless -dstband is specified). The alpha band should not be specified in the list, as it will be automatically retrieved (unless -nosrcalpha is specified).

  • -dstband <n>
    (GDAL >= 3.7) Specify the output band number in which to warp. In practice, this option is only useful when updating an existing dataset, e.g to warp one band at at time. If -srcband is specified, there must be as many occurrences of -dstband as there are of -srcband.
    If -dstband is not specified, then:
    c("-dstband", "1", "-dstband", "2", ... "-dstband", "N")
    is assumed where N is the number of input bands (implicitly, or specified explicitly with -srcband). The alpha band should not be specified in the list, as it will be automatically retrieved (unless -nosrcalpha is specified).

  • -wm <memory_in_mb>
    Set the amount of memory that the warp API is allowed to use for caching. The value is interpreted as being in megabytes if the value is <10000. For values >=10000, this is interpreted as bytes. The warper will total up the memory required to hold the input and output image arrays and any auxiliary masking arrays and if they are larger than the "warp memory" allowed it will subdivide the chunk into smaller chunks and try again. If the -wm value is very small there is some extra overhead in doing many small chunks so setting it larger is better but it is a matter of diminishing returns.

  • -multi
    Use multithreaded warping implementation. Two threads will be used to process chunks of image and perform input/output operation simultaneously. Note that computation is not multithreaded itself. To do that, you can use the -wo NUM_THREADS=val/ALL_CPUS option, which can be combined with -multi.

  • -of <format> Set the output raster format. Will be guessed from the extension if not specified. Use the short format name (e.g., "GTiff").

  • -co <NAME>=<VALUE>
    Set one or more format specific creation options for the output dataset. For example, the GeoTIFF driver supports creation options to control compression, and whether the file should be tiled. getCreationOptions() can be used to look up available creation options, but the GDAL Raster drivers documentation is the definitive reference for format specific options. Multiple -co may be given, e.g.,

     c("-co", "COMPRESS=LZW", "-co", "BIGTIFF=YES")

  • -overwrite
    Overwrite the target dataset if it already exists. Overwriting means deleting and recreating the file from scratch. Note that if this option is not specified and the output file already exists, it will be updated in place.

The documentation for gdalwarp describes additional command-line options related to spatial reference systems, alpha bands, masking with polygon cutlines including blending, and more.

Mosaicing into an existing output file is supported if the output file already exists. The spatial extent of the existing file will not be modified to accommodate new data, so you may have to remove it in that case, or use the -overwrite option.

Command-line options are passed to warp() as a character vector. The elements of the vector are the individual options followed by their individual values, e.g.,


cl_arg = c("-tr", "30", "30", "-r", "bilinear"))

to set the target pixel resolution to 30 x 30 in target georeferenced units and use bilinear resampling.

Note

warp() can be used to reproject and also perform other processing such as crop, resample, and mosaic. This processing is generally done with a single function call by passing arguments for the output ("target") pixel resolution, extent, resampling method, nodata value, format, and so forth.

If warp() is called with t_srs = "" and the output raster does not already exist, the target spatial reference will be set to that of src_files[1]. In that case, the processing options given in cl_arg will be performed without reprojecting (if there is one source raster or multiple sources that all use the same spatial reference system, otherwise would reproject inputs to the SRS of src_files[1] where they are different). If t_srs = "" and the destination raster already exists, the output SRS will be the projection of the destination dataset.

See also

GDALRaster-class, srs_to_wkt(), translate()

Examples

# reproject the elevation raster to NAD83 / CONUS Albers (EPSG:5070)
elev_file <- system.file("extdata/storml_elev.tif", package="gdalraster")

# command-line arguments for gdalwarp
# resample to 90-m resolution and keep pixels aligned:
args <- c("-tr", "90", "90", "-r", "cubic", "-tap")
# write to Erdas Imagine format (HFA) with compression:
args <- c(args, "-of", "HFA", "-co", "COMPRESSED=YES")

alb83_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "storml_elev_alb83.img")
warp(elev_file, alb83_file, t_srs="EPSG:5070", cl_arg = args)
#> 0...10...20...30...40...50...60...70...80...90...100 - done.

ds <- new(GDALRaster, alb83_file)
ds$getDriverLongName()
#> [1] "Erdas Imagine Images (.img)"
ds$getProjectionRef()
#> [1] "PROJCS[\"NAD83 / Conus Albers\",GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],PROJECTION[\"Albers_Conic_Equal_Area\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",23],PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",-96],PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",29.5],PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_2\",45.5],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",0],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],UNIT[\"metre\",1,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH]]"
ds$res()
#> [1] 90 90
ds$getStatistics(band=1, approx_ok=FALSE, force=TRUE)
#> 0...10...20...30...40...50...60...70...80...90...100 - done.
#> [1] 2438.0000 3044.0000 2676.0243  132.9744
ds$close()